The Gulf of Interpretation: From Chart to Message and Back Again

Charts are used to communicate data visually, but often, we do not know whether a chart’s intended message aligns with the message readers perceive. In this mixed-methods study, we investigate how data journalists encode data and how members of a broad audience engage with, experience, and understand these visualizations. We conducted workshops and interviews with school and university students, job seekers, designers, and senior citizens to collect perceived messages and feedback on eight real-world charts. We analyzed these messages and compared them to the intended message. Our results help to understand the gulf that can exist between messages (that producers encode) and viewer interpretations. In particular, we find that consumers are often overwhelmed with the amount of data provided and are easily confused with terms that are not well known. Chart producers tend to follow strong conventions on how to visually encode particular information that might not always benefit consumers.

Citation

C. Knoll, T. Möller, K. Gregory, L. Koesten, "The Gulf of Interpretation: From Chart to Message and Back Again," 2025, pp. 1-17.

Source

Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Proceedings

Conference

Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Keywords

46 Information and Computing Sciences, 4608 Human-Centred Computing, 47 Language, Communication and Culture

Source

Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

DOI

10.1145/3706598.3713413

Additional links

https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3706598.3713413