From Evasion to Concealment: Stealthy Knowledge Unlearning for LLMs

LLM Unlearning plays a crucial role in removing sensitive information from language models to mitigate potential misuse. However, previous approaches often treat nonsensical responses or template-based refusals (e.g., “Sorry, I cannot answer.”) as the unlearning target, which can give the impression of deliberate information suppression, making the process even more vulnerable to attacks and jailbreaks. Moreover, most methods rely on auxiliary models or retaining datasets, which adds complexity to the unlearning process. To address these challenges, we propose MEOW, a streamlined and stealthy unlearning method that eliminates the need for auxiliary models or retaining data while avoiding leakage through its innovative use of inverted facts. These inverted facts are generated by an offline LLM and serve as fine-tuning labels. Meanwhile, we introduce MEMO, a novel metric that measures the model’s memorization, to select optimal fine-tuning targets. The use of inverted facts not only maintains the covert nature of the model but also ensures that sensitive information is effectively forgotten without revealing the target data. Evaluated on the ToFU Knowledge Unlearning dataset using Llama2-7B-Chat and Phi-1.5, MEOW outperforms baselines in forgetting quality while preserving model utility. MEOW also maintains strong performance across NLU and NLG tasks and demonstrates superior resilience to attacks, validated via the Min-K% membership inference method.

Citation

T. Gu, K. Huang, R. Luo, Y. Yao, X. Chen, Y. Yang, Y. Teng, Y. Wang, "From Evasion to Concealment: Stealthy Knowledge Unlearning for LLMs," 2025, pp. 10261-10279.

Source

Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Conference

Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025

Source

Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025

Publisher

Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)

DOI

10.18653/v1/2025.findings-acl.535

Additional links

https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.535/