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B cell tolerance checkpoint function in multiple sclerosis and transient CD52 depletion

Alexaki, Anastasia
; 
Baltoumas, Fotis
; 
Tzanetakos, Dimitrios
; 
Zografou, Chrysoula
; 
Dame, Theodoros
; 
Michaletou, Chrysoula
; 
Kyriakaki, Galini
; 
Vakrakou, Aglaia G
; 
Anagnostouli, Maria
; 
Karadima, Georgia
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Author
Alexaki, Anastasia
Baltoumas, Fotis
Tzanetakos, Dimitrios
Zografou, Chrysoula
Dame, Theodoros
Michaletou, Chrysoula
Kyriakaki, Galini
Vakrakou, Aglaia G
Anagnostouli, Maria
Karadima, Georgia
Tzanoudaki, Marianna
Dalakas, Marinos C
Stefanis, Leonidas
Kilidireas, Konstantinos
O'Connor, Kevin C
Pavlopoulos, Georgios
Stathopoulos, Panos
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Department
Computational Biology
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Journal article
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English
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Abstract
Transient CD52 immune cell depletion with the monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab is highly effective in treating relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis but often leads to secondary autoimmunity. Whether these effects are linked to an alteration of B cell tolerance mechanisms is currently not known. To evaluate peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoint integrity in patients and controls, we constructed 138 recombinant mAbs from single mature naïve B cells and tested their poly- and autoreactivity. We examined three healthy donors (HDs), three immunotherapy-naïve MS patients, and six patients treated with alemtuzumab at comparable time points post-treatment (mean ± SD 3.8 ± 0.39 years). Moreover, we investigated B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire parameters associated with tolerance mechanisms in the same subject groups. Polyreactive and autoreactive fraction means did not differ significantly among the three subgroups. Presence of a high or low autoreactive fraction of naïve B cells in patients treated with alemtuzumab did not correlate with secondary autoimmunity at the time of sampling and with future MS activity, and therefore most likely reflects stochastic variation in the context of immune reconstitution. In BCR repertoire analysis, alemtuzumab-treated patients showed lower mean naïve complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) net charge compared to HDs (P = 0.0036), an interesting yet isolated finding warranting further investigation. Overall, transient CD52 depletion did not seem to affect major changes in peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoint function as assessed with naïve B cell cloning and BCR NGS, while observations in the described setting may also apply to other immune reconstitution therapies.
Citation
A. Alexaki, F. Baltoumas, D. Tzanetakos, C. Zografou, T. Dame, C. Michaletou, G. Kyriakaki, A.G. Vakrakou, M. Anagnostouli, G. Karadima, M. Tzanoudaki, M.C. Dalakas, L. Stefanis, K. Kilidireas, K.C. O'Connor, G. Pavlopoulos, P. Stathopoulos, "B cell tolerance checkpoint function in multiple sclerosis and transient CD52 depletion," Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 413, pp. 578854-578854, 2026, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2026.578854.
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Journal of Neuroimmunology
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Keywords
32 Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, 3204 Immunology, Adult, Alemtuzumab, B-Lymphocytes, CD52 Antigen, Female, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting, Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell
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Publisher
Elsevier
DOI
10.1016/j.jneuroim.2026.578854
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165572826000020
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