Noisy test-time adaptation in vision-language models
Chentao, Cao Zhun, Zhong Zhanke, Zhou Tongliang, Liu Yang, Liu Kun, Zhang Bo, Han
Chentao, Cao
Zhun, Zhong
Zhanke, Zhou
Tongliang, Liu
Yang, Liu
Kun, Zhang
Bo, Han
Supervisor
Department
Machine Learning
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Type
Conference proceeding
Date
2025
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Language
English
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Abstract
Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to address distribution shifts between source and target data by relying solely on target data during testing. In open-world scenarios, models often encounter noisy samples, i.e., samples outside the in-distribution (ID) label space. Leveraging the zero-shot capability of pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs), this paper introduces Zero-Shot Noisy TTA (ZS-NTTA), focusing on adapting the model to target data with noisy samples during test-time in a zero-shot manner. In the preliminary study, we reveal that existing TTA methods suffer from a severe performance decline under ZS-NTTA, often lagging behind even the frozen model. We conduct comprehensive experiments to analyze this phenomenon, revealing that the negative impact of unfiltered noisy data outweighs the benefits of clean data during model updating. In addition, as these methods adopt the adapting classifier to implement ID classification and noise detection sub-tasks, the ability of the model in both sub-tasks is largely hampered. Based on this analysis, we propose a novel framework that decouples the classifier and detector, focusing on developing an individual detector while keeping the classifier (including the backbone) frozen. Technically, we introduce the Adaptive Noise Detector (AdaND), which utilizes the frozen model's outputs as pseudo-labels to train a noise detector for detecting noisy samples effectively. To address clean data streams, we further inject Gaussian noise during adaptation, preventing the detector from misclassifying clean samples as noisy. Beyond the ZS-NTTA, AdaND can also improve the zero-shot out-of-distribution (ZS-OOD) detection ability of VLMs. Extensive experiments show that our method outperforms in both ZS-NTTA and ZS-OOD detection. On ImageNet, AdaND achieves a notable improvement of 8.32% in harmonic mean accuracy (AccH) for ZS-NTTA and 9.40% in FPR95 for ZS-OOD detection, compared to state-of-the-art methods. Importantly, AdaND is computationally efficient and comparable to the model-frozen method. The code is publicly available at: https://github.com/tmlr-group/ZS-NTTA. © 2025 13th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2025. All rights reserved.
Citation
C. Cao et al., “Noisy Test-Time Adaptation in Vision-Language Models,” International Conference on Representation Learning, vol. 2025, pp. 59008–59039, May 2025
Source
13th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2025
Conference
13th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2025
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Subjects
Source
13th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2025
Publisher
International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR